arrive irregular verb

The largest note is 100,000 Som, but most ATM will dispense 10,000 som notes (worth just over $1), so be prepared to carry around stacks of money. Serik Dyussenbayev contributed reporting to this story. It ranked fifth out of 90 cotton-producing countries, and it was the second-largest exporter of cotton fibre to the US. Huge quantities of water have been diverted from the Aral's sources, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, to irrigate such thirsty crops like cotton. There are several paved highways with two lanes in Uzbekistan: During the day the metro (underground train) is the good option. The South Aral Sea, which consist of a strip of water in the west and a dried-out basin in the east, sits in Uzbekistan. “The older generation officially lost their hope for the future.”, A former fish canning factory in Moynaq, previously a thriving fishing hub, has fallen into ruin (Credit: Taylor Weidman). The Aral Sea is located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and was once the fourth largest lake in the world. Found inside – Page 25Aral Sea, Uzbekistan Aral Sea, Uzbekistan Located between Uzbekistan and an autonomous region ... Uzbekistan is the world's second-largest cotton exporter, ... Always be polite with the Militsiya, but also be firm. “Most governments usually give priority to generating incomes, like improving irrigation to increase crop production or water management so that they can supply water to cities,” says Ahmad. Today, the sea is a 10th of its original size and has almost split in two. If you match, you then negotiate a rate. Water levels dropped and the once abundant populations of bream, carp and other freshwater fish dwindled with them. Part history, part science and part philosophy and spirituality, "Water Is..." combines personal journey with scientific discovery that explores water's many identities and ultimately our own. The rest of the declaration sections is straightforward - apart from a confusingly-worded "Availability of baggage" option to answer 'Yes' or 'No' to. When you go to restaurants, always ask for menu or price if they do not provide one. Karimov passed away in September 2016, and the country has since been locked in political tensions as individuals are now eager to improve the Uzbek economy and ease its isolated position from the rest of the world. The Slow Death Of The Aral Sea NASA announced recently that the eastern basin of the once great Aral Sea dried up completely in the month of August for the first time in modern history. Travellers should therefore avoid these areas and cross only at authorized border crossing points. Uzbekistan measures 1450 km West to East and 930 km North to South. If you download Yandex Taxi (local version of Uber), you will be picked up from the roundabout in front of the terminal (as it seems they can't/won't park) - the drive into the city centre will be ~ $3. Ask around beforehand, you can quite easily get ripped off, because each passenger negotiates separately with the driver, so he can charge locals normal rates and take you for all you have. Tashkent, (IATA: TAS, ICAO: UTTT), is the main international airport of Uzbekistan. By 2016, the Aralsk Fish Inspection Unit recorded 7,106 tons of fish as freshwater species have returned, including pike-perch – which bring in a hefty price for local fishermen – breams, asp, and catfish. Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. According to ornithologists there are 190 species of birds in the reserve, including herons, river terns, wild ducks, sandpipers NS turtle-doves. Finished in the summer of 2005, the Kokaral dam – as the dyke is known – surpassed the World Bank’s expectations, leading to an increase of 3.3m (10.8ft) in water levels after seven months, which scientists had previously calculated would take around 10 years. Recently a new train "Afrosiob" started operating on Tashkent - Samarkand line. For activating the cell phone connection a person has to be registered. There is still a $2000 limit but customs also doesn't check when you depart either so the limit doesn't matter unless you make it hard for yourself by voluntarily declaring you have more than $2000. Hotels can also usually arrange transfers, although this rate may be less-than-ideal. At the other side of the same sea as Moynaq, the Kazakh city of Aralsk has undergone a very different fate (Credit: Taylor Weidman). Taxis depart from Zarnisar Bazaar in Dushanbe. In sub-zero weather in February, they retrieved about 20kg (44lb) of pike-perch from their nets submerged under the frozen surface of the Aral Sea. Even if you do not face problems with criminals you definitely attract unwanted interest of local police (militsiya) patrolling the area. It remains to be seen if informal money changers disappear, or whether a black market will continue. The airport itself is reasonably modern and has various international carriers operating as well as the national Uzbekistan Airways [4]. Since the Kokaral dam was built in 2005, over 30 billion cubic metres to date has spilled from the Northern Aral Sea.”. Found inside – Page 188Uzbekistan was the cotton producing centre of the Soviet Union and ... The Aral Sea used to be the fourth largest inland water basin until the Soviet ... Copyright © 2018 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. • Ολικό (2018) • Κατά κεφαλή Cotton production in Uzbekistan is important to the national economy of the country. Found inside – Page 110ARAL SEA In Uzbekistan cotton farmers are diverting the flow of the Amu Darya to water their fields. The inland Aral Sea, also fed by the river, ... “We didn’t know how to buy a fish because we just always used to catch them,” he said. But City buses faultlessly pure and many city buses of the Mersedes-Benz brand (European quality). The existing, in the spurs of the Western Tien Shan, about 80 km from Tashkent, Ugam-Chatkal National Park is one of the oldest nature reserves in Uzbekistan, founded in 1947. “The government could have done the rehabilitation of the Southern Aral Sea but then they would have put a lot farmers who are using water for irrigation out of employment,” says Ahmad. The dried-up seabed has provided new opportunities for natural gas companies hoping to tap into the resources beneath the desiccated ground. Now the 27-year-old works with his two brothers out on the lake. The defining catastrophe of Soviet-era environmental mismanagement is the shrinking of the Aral Sea, on the northern border of Uzbekistan. Often this works out well. When Uzbekistan declared independence and left the Soviet Union, it started a new chapter in its long history. This book discusses the use of child labor in cotton cultivation in Uzbekistan following the fall of the Soviet Union, drawing on extensive field investigations and in-depth interviews with human rights activists, government officials, and ... If you are approached by a clean-cut person offering such services, and you are interested, question them about their background, what they are proposing to do for you and how much they want to charge you (anywhere between $10-$25 a day is realistic depending on their services and how long they spend with you). Within 3 days of entrance to the country, you need to make registration, an official statement, indicating the address you are staying at. The local is usually trying to improve their English or French (occasionally other languages, but usually English) and to make a few dollars/euros. He was a taxi driver seven years ago, pulling in 3,000 to 5,000 tenge (£7-11) a day. An overwhelming number of foreigners who experience registration repercussions do so in Tashkent. This includes an increase in violent crime. Prices on the street and in craft stores tend to be flexible. You will have to take a shared taxi from Penjikent to the Tajik-Uzbek border (5 TJS, 22 km) and another one from the border to Samarkand (about 50 km). Once one of the world’s four largest lakes, the Aral Sea is now little more than desert and a few small ponds. Plans to do this were put forward as part of a second phase of the World Bank project, but it has recently stalled. Minimum age: 17. There is a change kiosk, as well as some ATM and change machines, although these don't always work, so make sure you have some exchangeable cash with you (USD/GBP/EUR/JPY/RUB) in good condition. In the UK, you need to submit 2 copies of a visa application with passport photos attached, a printed confirmation of your visa payment (a bank transfer to the consul's bank account), your passport, and photocopies of your passport. A lot of ATMs won't work, some will. Although irrigation made the desert bloom, it devastated the Aral Sea. Uber does not work in Uzbekistan, but in Tashkent you can use their local partner Yandex Taxi. With their fisheries decimated, the communities these two men are part of at opposite ends of the sea faced similar dire fates in the 1990s. This multidisciplinary 1999 book comprehensively describes the slow onset of low grade but incremental changes (i.e. creeping environmental change) which affected the region and its peoples. Tashkent - Kharkov (once weekly)- This train is suspended since war broke out in Eastern Ukraine. If not, make it clear to the Militsiya officer that he will have to come to your hotel to see the originals. The scanned documents will almost always suffice. Found inside – Page 385The large Amu and Syr Danya rivers that previously flowed into the Aral Sea, formerly the world's fourth largest lake, now irrigates the Uzbekistan cotton ... But for getting between Nukus and Khiva, or Khiva to Urgench to Bukhara, this is the only realistic way to go. The slopes of the Pskem ridge are covered with walnut-trees, wild fruit trees and wild bushes. In January 2000, Rob Ferguson went to Uzbekistan to work on an environmental project to save the Aral Sea. The towns also had large public centers, consisting of a maydan (open square) surrounded by large buildings for civil or religious purposes. Mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) and Zarafshon; Ferghana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west. Several of these were once great trading cities on the Silk Road. In Uzbekistan, the climate is arid continental in the vast steppe plains of the central-western part, while it's still continental but moderately rainy (and snowy in winter) in the east, where hills and mountains are found. This image was taken in 2018 and the yellow lines show the extent of the lake in 1960. There are several popular cell/mobile service providers in Uzbekistan - Ucell [5], Beeline, Perfectum Mobile, UMS. Satellite images of the Aral sea in Central Asia show how much it has shrunk by since rivers flowing into the lake were dammed to irrigate cotton fields in the 1960s. The main line Tashkent - Samarkand - Bukhara is served by two express trains named "Registon" and "Sharq": The "Registon" brings you from Tashkent in less than 4 hours to Samarkand and the "Sharq" makes the 600-km-journey Tashkent - Bukhara (with intermediate stop in Samarkand) in about 7,5 hours. Again, if they are proposing "night life" (or related) services, do NOT take up their offers. The main obstacle appears to be the demand that Uzbeks have for it, as the Amu Darya river flows are used upstream for agricultural purposes and does not have enough water flow to fill up the South Aral Sea. Banks and some stores will do dollar advances with a commission that ranges from 1-4%. The doors were closed at night and in case of danger. Exact dates depend on local astronomical observations and vary from one country to another. Due to the improved water flow in the Syr Darya river, roughly 2.7 billion cubic metres (594 billion gallons) of water a year spills over the Kokaral dam and into the southern part of the sea. For the latest information see the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs [3]. Economy class costs 46 thousand soums (roughtly $25 at official rate), business class - 65 thousand soums and VIP - 80 thousand soums. Mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east. Water levels then fluctuated annually between 2009 and 2018 in alternately dry and wet years. Consequently, enclosed spaces can be very unpleasant for non-smokers, especially in the cold weather. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday. With original empirical research and theoretical insight, the volume's contributors illuminate an obscure but resource-rich and strategically significant region. The areas of Uzbekistan bordering Afghanistan should be avoided for all but essential travel. The country that brought a sea back to life. The Aral Sea is bringing new wealth to fishing villages in Kazakhstan, but their neighbours on the opposite shore in Uzbekistan are suffering a very different fate. In order to enter the country, a person must have a valid national passport or another substitute document used for travel to foreign countries. Foreign Correspondent. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs: Amazon Advertising Find, attract, and The North Aral Sea (sometimes called the Small Aral Sea) had separated from the South (Large) Aral Sea. But the South Aral Sea in Uzbekistan is almost completely desiccated, and its residents are choking on the air. For the most part, Uzbekistan is generally safe for visitors, perhaps the by-product of a police state. Studies have linked sustained exposure to this dust to an increase in respiratory diseases in people living nearby. Found insideIn case of Uzbekistan, it is not surprising that a single individual, ... shrinking and environmental disaster of the Aral Sea, as water to grow cotton was ... When whipped up by strong winds, choking dust storms are formed, enveloping nearby settlements. Meters are rare, so negotiate the price beforehand. For a young Madi Zhasekenov, summertime on the shoreline of the Aral Sea was an idyllic affair. The dust, salt and chemicals now coming off of the Aral Sea’s dried-up seabed are causing health problems for locals (Credit: Taylor Weidman). However, it is early days, and travellers should still bring cash for their entire trip. O mar de Aral foi um lago de água salgada, localizado na Ásia Central, entre as províncias de Aqtöbe e Qyzylorda (ao norte), e a região autônoma usbeque de Caracalpaquistão (ao sul). This Talgo-250-type train makes a respective distance in 2 hours time. There are roads from surrounding countries but the borders may not be open and there have been security problems. Dene-Hern Chen and Taylor Weidman were supported by a grant from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting for this story. But although the exposed sea floor has allowed this new industry to hold unemployment in check, it is also creating new worries for the city’s residents. By 2001, the southern connection had been severed, and the shallower eastern part retreated rapidly over the next several years. Text is available under [http://wikitravel.org/shared/Copyleft Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0] images are available under [http://wikitravel.org/shared/How_to_re-use_Wikitravel_guides various licenses], see each image for details. At the opposite end of the Aral Sea, the residents of Moynaq – a robust fishing hub in northern Uzbekistan that employed more than 30,000 people – experienced a similar fate. However as of September 2017, the government has partly liberalised the exchange rate system, with the official rate changing from US$1: UZS4,200 to US$1: UZS8,100, better than the black market rate of around UZS7,700. Cotton is the nation’s primary cash crop, and the people of this region are extremely poor to begin with. This doesn't happen often, but it can, and they have a legal right to do so. It contained the emir's palace, chancellery, treasury, arsenal and the jail for high-ranking prisoners. These gates usually had a high vault and a gallery for lookout and were flanked by two mighty towers. The Oloy bozori is one of the oldest and most famous bazaars of Central Asia. Don't be put off - these are pretty safe as far as the people go, the roads are a different story - when they exist! Found insideBox 2.2 Cotton production and desiccation of the Aral Sea productionwere included inthe price of Uzbek cotton. Source: See Annex. You can get more information in the hotel. Usually some negotiation is recommended for exchanging, although you generally won't save more than a few percentage points. The riverside vegetation occupies an area of 3177 hectares and the sand area is 2544 hectares. Found inside – Page 116Uzbekistan is located in the basin of the Aral Sea between the AmuDarya and Syr ... century Uzbekistan was the main cotton producer and even today it is the ... Bazaars are the best place to observe the daily life of the locals. Croplands had to be flushed with larger and larger volumes of river water. You may still hear prices quoted in dollars but it is important to ask if these represent the bank or "official" rate or the market or "black market" rate. The second best option, and an experience. This can be rewarding for both the local and the visitor. Don't be polite about this - you do NOT want that middle seat. It is also advised to generally not wander alone along the border during official national holidays, especially Novruz. In particular you will be asked to declare all the money you are bringing into the country - don't worry about this - declare everything you have and make sure you have less money when you leave. “It’s a pity,” laments Allakuatov. In the National Park live white-claw bears, wolves, Tien Shan foxes, red marmots, stone-martens, Turkestan lynx, snow leopards, wild boars, badgers, Siberian roes, mountain goats and Tien Shan wild rams as well as wild turkeys, mountain partridges, golden eagles, bearded and eagle vultures. The Uzbek side of the Aral Sea has turned to desert (Credit: Taylor Weidman). A seat in a taxi will cost about 8TJS and the trip will take about 90 minutes. Environment - current issues. In the 1960s, the Soviet Union undertook a major water diversion project on the arid plains of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. The exposed seabed also contains a lot of salt and sediment, while the use of fertilisers by cotton producers over the decades has concentrated these harmful chemicals in the soil. Kazakhstan has some serious environmental issues, like radiation from the former Soviet nuclear testing site Semipalatinsk (near Semey), the shrinking of the Aral sea, once the fourth largest lake in the world, and the desertification of former agricultural land, affecting … Speed limit: 60 to 80 km/h in urban areas, 90 km/h on highways. Bus travel is only for the truly adventurous and not for anyone in a hurry in Uzbekistan. Customs doesn't check how much money you bring in any longer. The Fund has a very diverse mission. Kerinov was too young to have seen the seawater lapping against the port walls of Aralsk. The most famous leader to come from Uzbekistan is Tamerlane who was born in Shahrisabz south of Samarkand. To avoid 2 trips to the embassy you can get an LOI in advance (by email) and once approval has been granted you can pick up your visa from your chosen embassy in only 1 visit - this is handy for people travelling who want to pick up a visa 'on the go'. “At that time, we were not expecting this much flow and the success has been astounding,” says Masood Ahmad, the World Bank team leader who prepared and appraised the project in 2001. Across the border in Uzbekistan, the story is very different. This book summarizes a long-term research project addressing land and water use in the irrigated areas of the Aral Sea basin. Uzbekistan has not implemented a no-smoking policy in bars and restaurants, unlike many Western countries. The reserve lies between the desert and mountain systems of Central Asia. Also be polite with women. Fruits and vegetables should be peeled before consumption. But that changed when the World Bank stepped in with an $87m (£66m) rescue project in Kazakhstan. shrinkage of the Aral Sea has resulted in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification and respiratory health problems; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many … How a city that floods is running out of water, The deadly island abandoned by the Soviets, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter. cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in … “We used to fashion fishing lures from hooks and then we would stand along the sea to catch fish,” says Zhasekenov, who is now 58. Found inside – Page 205Since 1990 , the new governments that rule the Aral Sea basin have increased the area ... cotton employs a staggering 40 percent of Uzbekistan's workforce ... While all of these precautions should be observed during travel virtually anywhere in the world, for some reason many tourists in Uzbekistan seem to lower their guard. Found inside... of the Aral Sea were made the Soviet Union's chief cotton producing areas. In 1921, three years before it officially became part of the USSR, Uzbekistan ... Though long home to the Turkmens, a nomadic Turkic people, the area did not become a political unit in its own right until its incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1924. While the World Bank has worked on some projects to restore the existing lakes around the South Aral Sea, such as Lake Sudoche, it has had less success. There is a new decree saying that it is prohibited in Tashkent to stay at night clubs and such establishments after 23:00, so you better leave before this time unless you want to deal with the local police. A LOI can be obtained from travel companies (sometimes a hotel booking is required) or from many hotels (ask in advance). In big cities the ark (fortress) was the administrative center. But the Soviet Union’s uncompromising agricultural policies in the 1950s led to water from two rivers – the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya – being diverted away from the sea to irrigate Central Asia’s desert steppes to boost cotton production. Found inside – Page 80During the past 60 years, the Aral Sea has diminished to one-fifth of its ... In Uzbekistan, cotton farmers1 and cotton producers have withdrawn and ... To apply for a visa complete the application form from here, print out the resulting pdf and take to your printed form, together with some photos and a photocopy of your passport to your nearest Uzbek embassy. Carry the colour copies with you when you're walking around, and keep the original documents in the hotel safe. Most Uzbek Vodkas can even be dangerous for your health. From 1930 to 1990, Uzbekistan provided more than two-thirds of the cotton produced in the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan’s 12km-long dyke, pointed out on a map here, saved part of the North Aral Sea – by connecting it to the South Aral Sea (Credit: Taylor Weidman). Once you've done that, you wait. There, the fishermen will give us some fish. You may also expect some free drinks and snacks. Indian, Iranian, Arab, Russian, and Chinese influences are present in this unique cuisine. Challenge is most of the wifis in Internet cafés are password protected and you need to ask the password from cafe manager/staffs. Even during the day, refrain from openly showing significant amounts of cash. It is also possible that you will be asked by police (Militsiya) for documents. In Tashkent there are various types of hotels you can stay, it can cost you US$60 and more depending on how much you're willing to pay for your pleasure in hotel. Unlike to ordinary local trains, there are 3 classes in "Afrosiob": economy class - 36 persons per carriage room, in business and VIP. Avoid wearing flashy or valuable jewellery which can easily be snatched. One note about locals offering to show you around: It is common for younger Uzbeks (usually male) who speak English to try and "meet" foreigners at local hotels and offer to serve as interpreters and guides. Rusting ships sit in the desert in the former port in Moynaq, Uzbekistan (Credit: Taylor Weidman). Scientists believe it was formed about 5.5 million years ago when geologic uplift prevented two rivers—Amu Darya and Syr Darya—from flowing to their final destinations. Some will dispense both Som and USD. Extreme caution should also be exercised in areas of the Ferghana Valley bordering Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. In 2006, the annual fish catch totaled 1,360 tons, which comprised a majority of flounder – a saltwater species that the Kazakhs dislike. You can find Internet cafés in most of the cities. In any case drinking bottled water is advised. Dec 8 Constitution Day (Konstitutsiya Kuni), remembering the proclamation of the first constitution of independent Uzbekistan in 1992. Also, the roads are slow and sometimes barely existent - dirt tracks with potholes. As the director of the Aralsk Regional Museum and Fishermen Museum – a position he inherited from this late father – Zhasekenov knows every bit of history concerning the sea, and dreams of the water flowing back to the old port, where his museum is located. The Uzbek govt don't want precious foreign currency leaving the country. Thanks to the North Aral Sea’s return, Aralsk’s fishing industry has been revived (Credit: Taylor Weidman). Join 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on Facebook, or follow us on Twitter or Instagram. Perhaps surprisingly, the Kazakh government played a key role in this recovery process. The best time to visit the reserve is spring. Found insideSince the early 1960s, the Aral Sea in former Soviet Central Asia has been ... Cotton acreage in Uzbekistan increased from 1.3 million hectares to 2.1 ... The Aral Sea is situated in Central Asia, between the Southern part of Kazakhstan and Northern Uzbekistan. A foreigner can get a SIM card only after showing his passport and registration in the mobile service providers regional main offices. In Uzbekistan, the climate is arid continental in the vast steppe plains of the central-western part, while it's still continental but moderately rainy (and snowy in winter) in the east, where hills and mountains are found. When land borders are open, buses run to all neighbouring countries. Across the border in Aralsk, the sea continues to be at the centre of Zhasekenov’s life. This page was last edited on 24 July 2021, at 07:26. As the Aral Sea has dried up, fisheries and the communities that depended on them collapsed. Rates are roughly $3 for a shared journey of about 200 km and about $10-15 to travel from Tashkent to Bukhara by shared taxi. Many of these cases involve an attempt to do something obviously illegal such as purchase registration slips from hotels, who in turn call the police. Particular emphasis is placed on the situation in the Central Asian republics surrounding the Aral Sea, and the possible impact of this situation on cotton and rice trade."--Introduction. The most important covered markets are called tag, tim or bazaars' (shopping passages) and charsu (crossroads, literally "four directions"). One of the hardest moments for Zhasekenov was when he realised that he needed to buy fish for his family’s daily meals. The Kok-Aral dike and dam, finished in 2005, separates the two water bodies and prevents flow out of the North Aral into the lower-elevation South Aral. For now, he is happy that the return of the North Aral Sea has revived some former pastimes, and remains optimistic that the sea will be restored to its previous glory. They should not. Especially large retreats in the eastern lobe of the South Aral Sea appear to have occurred between 2005 and 2009, when drought limited and then cut off the flow of the Amu Darya. Drive on the right. Though long home to the Turkmens, a nomadic Turkic people, the area did not become a political unit in its own right until its incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1924. The North Aral Sea (sometimes called the Small Aral Sea) had separated from the South (Large) Aral Sea. Between 2005 and 2006, water levels in the North Aral rebounded significantly and very small increases are visible throughout the rest of the time period. It covers the flood-lands of the Amu Darya river and the sand-dune desert near-by. According to the World Bank the project is currently awaiting approval from the Kazakh government to move forward. To take a shared taxi to Samarkand carry the colour copies with you when you go to restaurants, many... By MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands a mind-numbing variety of Brands of wine and are. 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Km North to South will give us some fish keep purses in front of them with commission! Aral Sea. ” it ranked fifth out of uzbekistan cotton aral sea cotton-producing countries, and the debut a. Abundant populations of bream, carp and other freshwater fish dwindled with them and 930 km North uzbekistan cotton aral sea.... S daily meals are best but Euros are also easy to convert mobile connection works in of! Recently a new chapter in its long history to send every uzbekistan cotton aral sea page including... To your hotel to see the website of the river are occupied archa! Relying on someone or something else for aid, support, etc are Miníbusses from the northern Aral ”! To take a shared taxi to Samarkand that it continues depend on local observations!
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