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TAKE YOUR PARTNERS: CD28, CTLA-4 AND THEIR LIGANDS. CD28 and CTLA-4 are two receptors that recognize the same ligands (B7 molecules) but have opposite functional effects on T-cell activation.
CD28 and CTLA-4 (CD152) are transmembrane protein members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily containing a single extracellular ‘V-like’ domain. However, after 8–12 weeks on NaI water, 70–80% of CD40 −/− CD28 −/− mice have severe TEC H/P that is only slightly lower than the nearly 100% in CD40+CD28 −/− mice.
CD80-, CD86-, CD28-, CD40-, and CD8-positive cells were counted in at least six randomly selected fields at 400-fold magnification.
CD40L-CD40 interaction occurs when a helper T cell activates a B-cell to initiate class switching and antibody production. There are other ways to activate dendritic cells. Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a costimulatory protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation.
The binding of CD154 on T H cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of downstream effects.. CD40 is also expressed on B cell precursors in the bone marrow, and there is some evidence that CD40-CD154 interactions may play a role in the control of B cell haematopoiesis. Hopefully, there will be other pathways … 8 CD40 is a member of TNFR family, which includes OX40 (CD134), 4-1BB (CD137), and CD27.
Deficiency can cause Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3 The incidence of severe TEC H/P after 4–6 weeks on NaI water is much lower than in CD40+CD28 −/− mice. And CD40 is a fundamental way to activate dendritic cells. B7-CD28 interaction occurs when an antigen presenting cell, with an antigen, presents to a T-cell to activate that T-cell. Signalling via CD40/CD40L results in enforcement of the CD28-B7 interaction and antigen presentation and is crucial for expansion and maturation of effector T (Teff) cells [38, 49]. 1 – 3 Both proteins are predominantly expressed by T cells and whilst CD28 is found in substantial amounts on the cell surface of the majority of resting T cells, in contrast CTLA-4 … 9 OX40 is expressed on activated T cells, whereas its ligand partner OX40L is located on APCs. The results for each patient are given as the mean of all evaluated visual fields. CD154-positive cells were counted in 100 visual fields at 400-fold magnification.